<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-night-mode-disabled vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="en" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Computing education</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_education"> <link href="./mw/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./mw/user.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./mw/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./mw/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Computing_education rootpage-Computing_education skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">
<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computing education</span></span>
</h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#bbddff;"><a href="Educational_research" title="Educational research">Educational research</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbddff;">
Disciplines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.7em;">
<ul><li><a href="Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Curriculum studies</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a> (<a href="School_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="School psychology">school</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="International_education" title="International education">International education</a></li>
<li><a href="School_counselor" title="School counselor">School counseling</a></li>
<li><a href="Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li>
<li><a href="Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li>
<li><a href="Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher education</a></li>
<li><a href="Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbddff;">
Curricular domains</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.7em;">
<ul><li><a href="Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></li>
<li><a href="Engineering_education_research" title="Engineering education research">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Language_education" title="Language education">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="Literacy_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy education">Literacy</a></li>
<li><a href="Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li>
<li><a href="Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Social science education">Social science</a></li>
<li><a href="Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbddff;">
Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.7em;">
<ul><li><a href="Case_method" title="Case method">Case method</a></li>
<li><a href="Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Factorial_experiment" title="Factorial experiment">Factorial experiment</a></li>
<li><a href="Focus_group" title="Focus group">Focus group</a></li>
<li><a href="Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_reform" title="Education reform">Reform</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Computer science education</b> or <b>computing education</b> is the field of <a href="Teacher" title="Teacher">teaching</a> and <a href="Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> the discipline of <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sentance_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sentance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BruckmanBiggers2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruckmanBiggers2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cup_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-after_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Computational_thinking" title="Computational thinking">computational thinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzdial2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzdial2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-compthink_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compthink-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field of computer science education encompasses a wide range of topics, from basic programming skills to advanced algorithm design and data analysis. It is a rapidly growing field that is essential to preparing students for careers in the technology industry and other fields that require computational skills.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Computer science education is essential to preparing students for the 21st century workforce. As technology becomes increasingly integrated into all aspects of society, the demand for skilled computer scientists is growing. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of computer and information technology occupations is projected to "grow 21 percent from 2021 to 2031", much faster than the average for all occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to preparing students for careers in the technology industry, computer science education also promotes computational thinking skills, which are valuable in many fields, including business, healthcare, and education. By learning to think algorithmically and solve problems systematically, students can become more effective problem solvers and critical thinkers.
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>
<p>In the early days of computer programming, there wasn't really a need for setting up any kind of education system, as the only people working with computers at the time were early scientists and mathematicians. Computer programming wasn't nearly popular enough to warrant being taught, nor was it at a point where anyone who wasn't an expert could get anything out of it. It was soon realized however, that mathematicians were not a good fit for computer science work and that there would be a need for people fully focused around the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went on, there was a greater need for those who were specifically trained in computer programming to match the demands of a world becoming more and more dependent on the use of computers. Initially, only colleges and universities offered computer programming courses, but as time went on, high schools and even middle schools implemented computer science programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In comparison to <a href="Science_education" title="Science education">science education</a> and <a href="Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">mathematics education</a>, computer science (CS) education is a much younger field.<sup id="cite_ref-history_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="History_of_computing" title="History of computing">history of computing</a>, digital computers were only built from around the 1940s – although <a href="Computation" title="Computation">computation</a> has been around for centuries since the invention of <a href="Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Another differentiator of computer science education is that it has primarily only been taught at university level until recently, with some notable exceptions in Israel, Poland and the United Kingdom with the <a href="BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a> in the 1980s as part of <a href="Computer_science_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Computer science education in the United Kingdom">Computer science education in the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-after_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RogersShum2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RogersShum2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer science has been a part of the school <a href="Curricula" class="mw-redirect" title="Curricula">curricula</a> from age 14 or age 16 in a few countries for a few decades, but has typically as an elective subject.
</p><p>Primary and secondary <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> education is relatively new in the United States with many K-12 CS teachers facing obstacles to integrating CS instruction such as professional isolation, limited CS professional development resources, and low levels of CS teaching <a href="Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2021 report, only 51% of high schools in the US offer computer science.<sup id="cite_ref-code2021_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-code2021-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Elementary CS teachers in particular have lower CS teaching efficacy and have fewer chances to implement CS into their instruction than their middle and high school peers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connecting CS teachers to resources and peers using methods such as <a href="Virtual_communities_of_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual communities of practice">Virtual communities of practice</a> has been shown to help CS and STEM teachers improve their teaching self-efficacy and implement CS topics into student instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generative_AI_and_Computing_Education">Generative AI and Computing Education</h2></div>
<p><a href="Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative Artificial Intelligence</a> (GAI) is becoming more popular and widespread in the public sector.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both teachers and students have reported to believing that it is a useful educational tool, while expressing concerns about over-reliance during learning.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GAI has been known to hallucinate information, causing concerns for the trustworthiness of the information it provides. More work on how to use these tools needs to occur for effective teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h2></div>
<p>As with most disciplines, computer science benefits from using different tools and strategies at different points in a student's development to ensure they get the most out of the teaching. Visual programming languages like <a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a> and <a href="MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">MIT App Inventor</a> are effective in elementary and middle schools as a good introduction to how programming languages function with a simple and easy to understand block-based programming structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once students have gotten a grasp for the very basics of programming through these languages, usually teachers will move on to an easy to use text-based programming language, such as <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, where syntax is much simpler compared to more complex languages. Generally, students are taught with languages that are popular among professional businesses and programmers so that they can become familiar with languages actually used in the workforce. Thus, in high school and college, classes tend to focus on more complex uses of Python as well as other languages such as <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, and <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, it isn't completely necessary to focus on the most popular or used coding languages as much of computer science is built off of learning good coding practices that can be applied to any language in some form.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_methods">Teaching methods</h2></div>
<p>Effective teaching methods in computer science often differ from that of other subjects as the standard slideshow and textbook format often used in schools has been found to be less effective compared to standard academic subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the problem-solving nature of computer science, a kind of problem focused curriculum has been found to be the most effective, giving students puzzles, games, or small programs to interact with and create. Rather than applying techniques or strategies learned to tests or quizzes, students must use material learned in class to complete the programs and show they are following the class.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of this, it has been found that developing teaching methods that seek to improve and guide students problem-solving and creative abilities tend to help them succeed in computer science and other classes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem-solving aspect of computer science education is often the hardest part to deal with as many students can struggle with the concept, especially when it is likely they have not had to apply in such a way before this point.
</p><p>Something else that has become popular in more recent times are online coding courses and coding bootcamps. Due to the nature of computer science as a discipline, there are many who realize there interest for it only later in life, or maybe it wasn't widely available when they attend high school or college. These opportunities often involve rigorous courses that are more geared to getting people ready for the workforce rather than a more academic focus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coding bootcamps have become a great way for people to break out into the computer science market without having to go to school all over again.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algorithm_Visualization">Algorithm Visualization</h3></div>
<p>It can be difficult to effectively teach the interactive components of computing or the way an algorithm works with static text and images that are popular in textbooks and lectures. Instructors often utilize document cameras or classroom boards to draw out the processes and supplement the verbal explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drawings are subject to frequent changes throughout the walkthrough of the process, causing challenges for students to grasp the concepts. To combat this problem, an interest in Algorithm Visualization has developed to demonstrate dynamic systems.
</p><p>Algorithm Visualization dates back to the early 1980’s with Baecker's Sorting Out Sorting.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If used effectively, it can graphically demonstrate different states of algorithms in engaging ways. This helps students focus on the conceptual aspects of a process without worrying about the implementation such as memory addresses and specific function calls.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased use of algorithm visualization engagement by students typically results in better learning for the students.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Algorithm Visualization can be used for a myriad of different topics. Data structures, graph algorithms, and sorting algorithms are all examples of computation based concepts where students can benefit from learning about with the aid of an algorithm visualization.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing_education_research">Computing education research</h2></div>
<p>Computing education research (CER) or Computer science education research is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on studying the teaching and learning of computer science.<sup id="cite_ref-cup_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CooperGrover2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CooperGrover2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a subfield of both computer science and education research, and is concerned with understanding how computer science is taught, learned, and assessed in a variety of settings, such as K-12 schools, colleges and universities, and online learning environments.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_2">Background</h3></div>
<p>Computer science education research emerged as a field of study in the 1970s, when researchers began to explore the effectiveness of different approaches to teaching computer programming. Since then, the field has grown to encompass a wide range of topics related to computer science education, including curriculum design, assessment, pedagogy, and diversity and inclusion.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics_of_study">Topics of study</h3></div>
<p>One of the primary goals of computer science education research is to improve the teaching and learning of computer science. To this end, researchers study a variety of topics, including:
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curriculum_design">Curriculum design</h3></div>
<p>Researchers in computer science education seek to design curricula that are effective and engaging for students. This may involve studying the effectiveness of different programming languages, or developing new pedagogical approaches that promote active learning.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment">Assessment</h3></div>
<p>Computer science education researchers are interested in developing effective ways to assess student learning outcomes. This may involve developing new measures of student knowledge or skills, or evaluating the effectiveness of different assessment methods.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</h3></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Programmer#Programming_education" title="Programmer">Programming education</a></div>
<p>Researchers in computer science education are interested in exploring different teaching methods and instructional strategies. This may involve studying the effectiveness of lectures, online tutorials, or peer-to-peer learning.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity_and_inclusion">Diversity and inclusion</h3></div>
<p>Computer science education researchers are interested in promoting diversity and inclusion in computer science education. This may involve studying the factors that contribute to under representation of certain groups in computer science, and developing interventions to promote inclusivity and equity.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_communities">Research communities</h2></div>
<p>The <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) runs a <a href="Special_Interest_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Interest Group">Special Interest Group</a> (SIG) on Computer science education known as <a href="SIGCSE" title="SIGCSE">SIGCSE</a> which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2018, making it one of the oldest and longest running ACM Special Interest Groups.<sup id="cite_ref-MorrisonSettle2018_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorrisonSettle2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outcome of computing education research are <a href="Parsons_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsons problems">Parsons problems</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_perspectives_in_computer_science_education">Gender perspectives in computer science education</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1305433154">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>
<p>In many countries, there is a significant gender gap in computer science education. In 2015, 15.3% of computer science students graduating from non-doctoral granting institutions in the US were women while at doctoral granting institutions, the figure was 16.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of female PhD recipients in the US was 19.3% in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In almost everywhere in the world, less than 20% of the computer science graduates are female.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>This problem mainly arises due to the lack of interests of girls in computing starting from the primary level. Despite numerous efforts by programs specifically designed to increase the ratio of women in this field, no significant improvement has been observed. Furthermore, a declining trend has been noticed in the involvement of women in past decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The main reason for the failure of these programs is because almost all of them focused on girls in high school or higher levels of education. Researchers argue that by then women have already made up their mind and stereotypes start to form about computer scientists. Computer Science is perceived as a male dominated field, pursued by people who are nerdy and lack social skills.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these characteristics seem to be more damaging for a woman as compared to a man. Therefore, to break these stereotypes and to engage more women in computer science, it is crucial that there are special outreach programs designed to develop interest in girls starting at the middle school level and prepare them for an academic track towards the hard sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Evidently, there are a few countries in Asia and Africa where these stereotypes do not exist and women are encouraged for a career in science starting at the primary level, thus resulting in a gender gap that is virtually nonexistent. In 2011, women earned half of the computer science degrees in Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, 55 percent of computer science graduates in Guyana were women.<sup id="cite_ref-gender_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gender-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h2></div>
<p>Both government and private industry are showing increasing interest in developing software that is accessible to everyone, including people with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is a strong demand, only 2% of industry leaders indicate that finding candidates with the required accessibility skills is easy or very easy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, teaching accessibility in computer science classrooms is becoming more important, which involves the communication of metainformation surrounding information and accessibility. Current approaches include course integration and teaching accessibility knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Course integration takes multiple disciplines and combines them into one class or program. There are three main types of integration: special topics courses, thematic courses, and module integration. Special topic courses is when a given discipline is the entire topic of a course,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. a course on accessibility within an <a href="Information_school" title="Information school">Information school</a>. Thematic courses are when a class is not about a given topic directly, but rather use a topic as a focus or lens to teach the primary topic,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example teaching <a href="User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a> through the perception of disabled users. Module Integration teaches a given topic in an isolated unit, like a web design class having a unit on optimizing a website for screen-readers.
</p><p>Teaching accessibility knowledge directly teaches accessibility throughout an entire program by teaching how a subfield can encourage accessible practices.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes, but is not limited to, screen readers, adaptive keyboards, and screen magnifiers, captioning and subtitle services, and diction software. These can be applicable in several computational subfields such has web development, human computer interaction, and software engineering.
</p><p>There exists a gap in the support that instructors have while teaching accessibility that is rooted in a lack of knowledge on the different approaches to teaching accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> University of Washington, Gallaudet University, Tufts University, and University of California Irvine have collaborated with AccessComputing, a program designed to help instructors and students increase disability representation in careers in computing.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_Trends_and_Developments">Recent Trends and Developments</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_online_educational_resources" title="List of online educational resources">List of online educational resources</a>, <a href="List_of_educational_software" title="List of educational software">List of educational software</a>, and <a href="Computers_in_the_classroom" title="Computers in the classroom">Computers in the classroom</a></div>
<p>Recently, <a href="Computational_thinking#Computational_education" title="Computational thinking">computational education</a> has had an increased emphasis on incorporating computational knowledge into education on all levels. This is due to the world becoming more and more technologically driven. Organizations like <a href="Code.org" title="Code.org">Code.org</a> and initiatives like the <a href="Hour_of_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hour of Code">Hour of Code</a>, and <a href="Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course">massive open online courses</a> (MOOCs) have played a significant role in promoting computer science education and making coding accessible to students worldwide; especially making a difference for women, underprivileged and underrepresented communities. These online learning platforms have also made computing education more accessible, allowing individuals to learn coding remotely. Additionally, we see technology increasingly being found in numerous fields like health, business and technology.
<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2></div>
<p>Over the years, computing education has faced many various issues that have in one way or another contributed to its unpopularity. One of the most impactful of these issues is the equipment cost of effectively teaching the discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, there were not many affordable options for providing computers for each and every student that wanted to learn the discipline. Due to this, computing education suffered in many areas with little to no funding left over to adequately teach the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the main reason why computing education is either extremely lackluster or non-existent in many schools across the United States and UK. The subject's unpopularity for many years mostly stems from it being reserved for those who could afford the necessary equipment and software to effectively teach it.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There have also been issues with finding and training good teachers for the subject. Many schools in the past didn't see the value in paying for training for teachers to be able to teach computer science or get the licenses required. This has led to many schools in disadvantaged areas, or simply areas with not a lot of people, to struggle to hire the teachers necessary to provide a good computer science curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another issue with the teacher side of the discipline is the nature of computer science itself, and that a standard teaching structure using slides and textbooks has often been found to be ineffective. Computer science is a very problem solving oriented subject and it has often been found that teaching can be more effective when approaching it from this perspective rather than the standard lecture format.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Computer science is also notorious for being a very difficult subject in schools, with high failure and dropout rates over the years it has been taught.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is usually attributed to the fact that computer science as a subject is very problem-solving heavy and a lot of students can struggle with this aspect. This is especially true for high-school, where few other subjects demand as high caliber of problem-solving ability as computer science. This is compounded by the fact that computer science is a very different discipline from most other subjects, meaning that many students who encounter it for the first time can struggle a lot.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the challenges faced by the discipline, computer science continues to grow in popularity as a subject as technology grows and computers become more and more important in the classroom as well as in everyday life.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Tech_ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech ed">Tech ed</a></li>
<li><a href="Career_and_Technical_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Career and Technical Education">Career and Technical Education</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_computer_magazines" title="List of computer magazines">List of computer magazines</a>, <a href="List_of_computer_books" title="List of computer books">List of computer books</a>, and <a href="List_of_computer_science_journals" title="List of computer science journals">List of computer science journals</a>.</li>
<li><a href="List_of_educational_software" title="List of educational software">List of educational software</a> and <a href="List_of_online_educational_resources" title="List of online educational resources">List of online educational resources</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of free and open-source software packages</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><cite id="CITEREFFincherPetre2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Sally_Fincher" title="Sally Fincher">Fincher, Sally</a>; <a href="Marian_Petre" title="Marian Petre">Petre, Marian</a> (2004). <i>Computer Science Education Research</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-265-1969-9</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54455019">54455019</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sentance-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sentance_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSentanceBarendsenSchulte2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Sue_Sentance" title="Sue Sentance">Sentance, Sue</a>; Barendsen, Erik; Schulte, Carsten (2018). <i>Computer science education : perspectives on teaching and learning in school</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-350-05711-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/999588195">999588195</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BruckmanBiggers2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BruckmanBiggers2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBruckmanBiggersEricsonMcKlin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bruckman, Amy; Biggers, Maureen; Ericson, Barbara; McKlin, Tom; Dimond, Jill; DiSalvo, Betsy; Hewner, Mike; Ni, Lijun; Yardi, Sarita (2009). "Georgia computes! Improving the computing education pipeline". <i>ACM SIGCSE Bulletin</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 86. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1539024.1508899">10.1145/1539024.1508899</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8418">0097-8418</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2017" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/computing-education/">"Computing education"</a>. <i>royalsociety.org</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cup-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cup_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cup_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFincherRobins2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Sally_Fincher" title="Sally Fincher">Fincher, Sally A.</a>; Robins, Anthony V. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/73256/1/2019ToolsEnvironments.pdf"><i>The Cambridge Handbook of Computing Education Research</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108654555">10.1017/9781108654555</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781108654555</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090781199">1090781199</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243000064">243000064</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-after-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-after_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-after_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFurber2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Furber, Steve</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/computing-education/computing-education-report-summary.pdf"><i>After the reboot: computing education in UK schools</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781782522973</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Guzdial2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guzdial2008_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuzdial2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Mark_Guzdial" title="Mark Guzdial">Guzdial, Mark</a> (2008). "Education: Paving the way for computational thinking". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>51</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>27. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1378704.1378713">10.1145/1378704.1378713</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35737830">35737830</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-compthink-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-compthink_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWing2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Jeannette_Wing" title="Jeannette Wing">Wing, Jeanette M.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~15110-s13/Wing06-ct.pdf">"Computational thinking"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>49</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>35. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1118178.1118215">10.1145/1118178.1118215</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10818%2F29866">10818/29866</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1693513">1693513</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWing2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Jeannette_Wing" title="Jeannette Wing">Wing, Jeanette M.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696102">"Computational thinking and thinking about computing"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>366</b> (1881): <span class="nowrap">3717–</span>3725. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RSPTA.366.3717W">2008RSPTA.366.3717W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2008.0118">10.1098/rsta.2008.0118</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696102">2696102</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18672462">18672462</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFincherPetre2005" class="citation book cs1">Fincher, Sally; Petre, Marian, eds. (26 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482287325"><i>Computer Science Education Research</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781482287325">10.1201/9781482287325</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4822-8732-5</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-and-information-research-scientists.htm">"Computer and Information Research Scientists : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. <i>www.bls.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tedre, M., Simon, & Malmi, L. (2018). Changing aims of computing education: a historical survey. <i>Computer Science Education</i>, <i>28</i>(2), 158–186.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-history-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTedreSimonMalmi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tedre, Matti; Simon, Simon; Malmi, Lauri (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/101473">"Changing aims of computing education: a historical survey"</a></span>. <i>Computer Science Education</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>186. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CSEd...28..158T">2018CSEd...28..158T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08993408.2018.1486624">10.1080/08993408.2018.1486624</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52884221">52884221</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTedre2015" class="citation book cs1">Tedre, Matti (2015). <i>The science of computing : shaping a discipline</i>. Boca Raton. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4822-1769-8</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870289913">870289913</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RogersShum2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RogersShum2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRogersShumMarquardtLechelt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Yvonne; Shum, Venus; Marquardt, Nic; Lechelt, Susan; Johnson, Rose; Baker, Howard; Davies, Matt (2017). "From the BBC micro to micro:bit and beyond". <i>Interactions</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>77. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3029601">10.1145/3029601</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-5520">1072-5520</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24258819">24258819</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzhauptLiuWilsonLee2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarzhaupt, Robert; Liu, Feng; Wilson, Joseph; Lee, Fanny; Rasberry, Melissa (8 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26716%2Fjcsi.2021.10.8.34">"Teachers' Engagement and Self-Efficacy in a PK–12 Computer Science Teacher Virtual Community of Practice"</a>. <i>Journal of Computer Science Integration</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 1. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26716%2Fjcsi.2021.10.8.34">10.26716/jcsi.2021.10.8.34</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-108X">2574-108X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240864514">240864514</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyKnowlesHollandHan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley, Todd R.; Knowles, J. Geoffery; Holland, Jeffrey D.; Han, Jung (16 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40594-020-00211-w">"Increasing high school teachers self-efficacy for integrated STEM instruction through a collaborative community of practice"</a>. <i>International Journal of STEM Education</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 14. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40594-020-00211-w">10.1186/s40594-020-00211-w</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-7822">2196-7822</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216034569">216034569</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYadavGretterHambruschSands2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yadav, Aman; Gretter, Sarah; Hambrusch, Susanne; Sands, Phil (8 December 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08993408.2016.1257418">"Expanding computer science education in schools: understanding teacher experiences and challenges"</a></span>. <i>Computer Science Education</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>254. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CSEd...26..235Y">2016CSEd...26..235Y</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08993408.2016.1257418">10.1080/08993408.2016.1257418</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3408">0899-3408</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33792019">33792019</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-code2021-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-code2021_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advocacy.code.org/2021_state_of_cs.pdf">"2021 State of computer science education: Accelerating action through advocacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Code.org, CSTA, & ECEP Alliance. 2021.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrightEnockEsnaashariFrancis2024" class="citation arxiv cs1">Bright, Jonathan; Enock, Florence E.; Esnaashari, Saba; Francis, John; Hashem, Youmna; Morgan, Deborah (2024). "Generative AI is already widespread in the public sector". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.01291">2401.01291</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CY">cs.CY</a>].</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZastudilRogalskaKappVaughn2023" class="citation book cs1">Zastudil, Cynthia; Rogalska, Magdalena; Kapp, Christine; Vaughn, Jennifer; MacNeil, Stephen (October 2023). "Generative AI in Computing Education: Perspectives of Students and Instructors". <i>2023 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.04309">2308.04309</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FFIE58773.2023.10343467">10.1109/FIE58773.2023.10343467</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>979-8-3503-3642-9</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPratherDennyLeinonenBecker2023" class="citation book cs1">Prather, James; Denny, Paul; Leinonen, Juho; Becker, Brett A.; Albluwi, Ibrahim; Craig, Michelle; Keuning, Hieke; Kiesler, Natalie; Kohn, Tobias; Luxton-Reilly, Andrew; MacNeil, Stephen; Petersen, Andrew; Pettit, Raymond; Reeves, Brent N.; Savelka, Jaromir (28 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3623762.3633499">"The Robots Are Here: Navigating the Generative AI Revolution in Computing Education"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2023 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education</i>. ITiCSE-WGR '23. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">108–</span>159. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00658">2310.00658</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3623762.3633499">10.1145/3623762.3633499</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>979-8-4007-0405-5</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garneli, V., Giannakos, M. N., & Chorianopoulos, K. (March 2015). Computing education in K-12 schools: A review of the literature. In <i>2015 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)</i> (pp. 543–551). IEEE.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">summertj@ufl.edu (28 September 2015). "The Languages of Computer Science". <i>University of Florida Online</i>. Retrieved 2024-08-04.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheah, C. S. (2020). Factors contributing to the difficulties in teaching and learning of computer programming: A literature review. <i>Contemporary Educational Technology</i>, <i>12</i>(2), ep272.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, G. (2017). Building a new mythology: The coding boot-camp phenomenon. <i>ACM Inroads</i>, <i>8</i>(4), 66–71.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFouhAkbarShaffer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fouh, Eric; Akbar, Monika; Shaffer, Clifford A. (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/07380569.2012.651422?needAccess=true&">"The Role of Visualization in Computer Science Education"</a>. <i>Computers in the Schools</i>. <b>29</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>117. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07380569.2012.651422">10.1080/07380569.2012.651422</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-0569">0738-0569</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baecker, Ronald (1998). "Sorting Out Sorting A Case Study of Software Visualization for Teaching Computer Science" (PDF). <i>Software Visualization: Programming as a Multimedia Experience</i>. MIT Press: 369–381.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrissomMcNallyNaps2003" class="citation book cs1">Grissom, Scott; McNally, Myles F.; Naps, Tom (11 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/774833.774846">"Algorithm visualization in CS education: Comparing levels of student engagement"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Software visualization</i>. SoftVis '03. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>94. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F774833.774846">10.1145/774833.774846</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58113-642-5</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CooperGrover2014-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CooperGrover2014_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCooperGroverGuzdialSimon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Steve; <a href="Shuchi_Grover" title="Shuchi Grover">Grover, Shuchi</a>; Guzdial, Mark; Simon, Beth (2014). "A future for computing education research". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>57</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>36. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2668899">10.1145/2668899</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34034556">34034556</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MorrisonSettle2018-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MorrisonSettle2018_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonSettle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, Briana; <a href="Amber_Settle" title="Amber Settle">Settle, Amber</a> (2018). "Celebrating SIGCSE's 50th anniversary!". <i>ACM SIGCSE Bulletin</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3183559.3183560">10.1145/3183559.3183560</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8418">0097-8418</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19169248">19169248</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cra.org/data/generation-cs/diversity/">"The Mixed News on Diversity and the Enrollment Surge"</a>. <i>CRA</i>. 10 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2018 Taulbee Survey, Computing Research Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cra.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2018_Taulbee_Survey.pdf">https://cra.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2018_Taulbee_Survey.pdf</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:12-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHappeBuhnovaKoziolekWagner2021" class="citation journal cs1">Happe, Lucia; Buhnova, Barbora; Koziolek, Anne; Wagner, Ingo (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10639-020-10379-x">"Effective measures to foster girls' interest in secondary computer science education"</a>. <i>Education and Information Technologies</i>. <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">2811–</span>2829. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10639-020-10379-x">10.1007/s10639-020-10379-x</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7608">1573-7608</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228817008">228817008</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:03-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVitoresGil-Juárez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vitores, Anna; Gil-Juárez, Adriana (1 November 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2015.1087309">"The trouble with 'women in computing': a critical examination of the deployment of research on the gender gap in computer science"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Gender Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">666–</span>680. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09589236.2015.1087309">10.1080/09589236.2015.1087309</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-9236">0958-9236</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146570525">146570525</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mariacharles.faculty.soc.ucsb.edu/documents/WhatGenderisScience.pdf">"what gender is science"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103245/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/mariacharles/documents/WhatGenderisScience.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gender-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gender_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJames2023" class="citation web cs1">James, Justin (19 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/software-engineer/it-gender-gap-where-are-the-female-programmers/">"IT gender gap: Where are the female programmers?"</a>. <i>TechRepublic</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathyJoshi2024" class="citation book cs1">Parthasarathy, P. D.; Joshi, Swaroop (2024). "Teaching Digital Accessibility in Computing Education: Views of Educators in India". <i>Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">222–</span>232. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.15013">2407.15013</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3632620.3671122">10.1145/3632620.3671122</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>979-8-4007-0475-8</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachaccess.org/accessibility-skills-gap/">"Accessible Technology Skills Gap – Teach Access"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBakerEl-GlalyShinohara2020" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Catherine M.; El-Glaly, Yasmine N.; Shinohara, Kristen (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3328778.3366843">"A Systematic Analysis of Accessibility in Computing Education Research"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education</i>. SIGCSE '20. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>113. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3328778.3366843">10.1145/3328778.3366843</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4503-6793-6</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRykerFanguyLegendre2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ryker, Randy; Fanguy, Ronnie; Legendre, Amy (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/08874417.2009.11646051?needAccess=true&">"Undergraduate Special Topics Courses: What's on the Menu?"</a>. <i>Journal of Computer Information Systems</i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>85. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08874417.2009.11646051">10.1080/08874417.2009.11646051</a> (inactive 1 July 2025). <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-4417">0887-4417</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreher, Heinz, Nick Scerbakov, and Denis Helic. "Thematic driven learning." <i>E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education</i>. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 2004.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLadnerLudiDomanski" class="citation journal cs1">Ladner, Richard R.; Ludi, Stephanie; Domanski, Robert J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csed.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Accessibility-Final-1.pdf">"Teaching about Accessibility in Computer Science Education"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Association for Computing Machinery</i> – via CS2023.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csforall.org/members/accesscomputing/">"AccessComputing"</a>. <i>CSforALL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCode_Studio_Activity2012" class="citation web cs1">Code Studio Activity (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.org/about">"About Us"</a>. <i>code.org</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrahimi,_T.,_&_Sarirete2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brahimi, T., & Sarirete (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563215001995">"Learning outside the classroom through MOOCs"</a></span>. <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. Computing for Human Learning, Behaviour and Collaboration in the Social and Mobile Networks Era. <b>51</b>: <span class="nowrap">604–</span>609. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.03.013">10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.013</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morreale, P., & Joiner, D. (2011). Changing perceptions of computer science and computational thinking among high school teachers. <i>Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges</i>, <i>26</i>(6), 71–77.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goode, J., & Margolis, J. (2011). Exploring computer science: A case study of school reform. <i>ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)</i>, <i>11</i>(2), 1–16.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Education397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education" title="Education">Education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Overview150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="Index_of_education_articles" title="Index of education articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By perspective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Educational_aims_and_objectives" title="Educational aims and objectives">Aims and objectives</a>
<ul><li><a href="Learning_standards" title="Learning standards">Learning standards</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Educational_anthropology" title="Educational anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">Assessment</a>
<ul><li><a href="Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Course_evaluation" title="Course evaluation">Course evaluation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li>
<li><a href="Standards-based_assessment" title="Standards-based assessment">Standards-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized test</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_quality_assessment" title="Teacher quality assessment">Teacher quality</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Education_economics" title="Education economics">Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_spending_on_education_as_percentage_of_GDP" title="List of countries by spending on education as percentage of GDP">Spending</a>
<ul><li><a href="Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li>
<li><a href="Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">Tuition payments</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li>
<li><a href="Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_leadership" title="Educational leadership">Leadership</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li>
<li><a href="Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_policy" title="Education policy">Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="Politics_in_education" title="Politics in education">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_research" title="Educational research">Research</a></li>
<li><a href="Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Sociology</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Instructional_theory" title="Instructional theory">Instructional</a>
<ul><li><a href="Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_education_by_subject" title="List of education by subject">By subject</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_education" title="Agricultural education">Agricultural</a></li>
<li><a href="Art_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Art education">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual</a></li>
<li><a href="Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="Death_education" title="Death education">Death</a></li>
<li><a href="Design_education" title="Design education">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental</a></li>
<li><a href="Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li>
<li><a href="Health_education" title="Health education">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="Language_education" title="Language education">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal</a></li>
<li><a href="Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical</a></li>
<li><a href="Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nursing</a></li>
<li><a href="Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace</a></li>
<li><a href="Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_education" title="Philosophy education">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical</a></li>
<li><a href="Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics</a></li>
<li><a href="Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher</a></li>
<li><a href="Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Values_education" title="Values education">Values</a></li>
<li><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></li>
<li><a href="Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a></li>
<li><a href="Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_reform" title="Education reform">Education reform</a></li>
<li><a href="Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li>
<li><a href="Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li>
<li><a href="Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Accreditation_mill" title="Accreditation mill">Accreditation mill</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bloom's_taxonomy" title="Bloom's taxonomy">Bloom's taxonomy</a></li>
<li><a href="Board_of_education" title="Board of education">Board of education</a></li>
<li><a href="Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">Cognitive load</a></li>
<li><a href="Classroom_management" title="Classroom management">Classroom management</a>
<ul><li><a href="Class_arrangement" title="Class arrangement">Class arrangement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li>
<li><a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li>
<li><a href="Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Curriculum</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">Bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Curriculum_development" title="Curriculum development">Development</a></li>
<li><a href="Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden</a></li>
<li><a href="Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="Curriculum_theory" title="Curriculum theory">Theory</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Diploma_mill" title="Diploma mill">Diploma mill</a></li>
<li><a href="Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory</a>
<ul><li><a href="Desirable_difficulty" title="Desirable difficulty">Desirable difficulty</a></li>
<li><a href="Spacing_effect" title="Spacing effect">Spacing effect</a></li>
<li><a href="Testing_effect" title="Testing effect">Testing effect</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Lesson_plan" title="Lesson plan">Lesson plan</a></li>
<li><a href="Pedagogical_pattern" title="Pedagogical pattern">Pedagogical pattern</a></li>
<li><a href="School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li>
<li><a href="School_discipline" title="School discipline">School discipline</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_look" title="Teacher look">Teacher look</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_retention" title="Teacher retention">Teacher retention</a></li>
<li><a href="Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a>
<ul><li><a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative</a></li>
<li><a href="Demonstration_(teaching)" title="Demonstration (teaching)">Demonstration</a></li>
<li><a href="Dialogic_learning" title="Dialogic learning">Dialogic learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">Experiential</a></li>
<li><a href="Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">Passive</a></li>
<li><a href="Peer_instruction" title="Peer instruction">Peer instruction</a></li>
<li><a href="Personalized_learning" title="Personalized learning">Personalized</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li>
<li><a href="Project-based_learning" title="Project-based learning">Project-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered</a></li>
<li><a href="Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Teaching_philosophy" title="Teaching philosophy">Teaching philosophy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wikimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Education" class="extiw external" title="b:Subject:Education">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/education" class="extiw external" title="wikt:education">Definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Education">Images</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="v:Education">Learning resources</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Education" class="extiw external" title="n:Portal:Education">News</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="q:Education">Quotes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="s:Education">Texts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Stages197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a><br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a><br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br>(<a href="Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a><br> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEducation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Portal</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Education_by_region397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Africa273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Comoros" title="Education in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br>recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div>
<ul><li>Canary Islands<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Ceuta<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Melilla<span class="nowrap"> </span>(Spain)</li>
<li>Madeira<span class="nowrap"> </span>(Portugal)</li>
<li>Mayotte<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Réunion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(France)</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Ascension Island<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ <a href="Education_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(United Kingdom)</li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Asia413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education_in_Asia" title="Education in Asia">Education in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br>limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abkhazia</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Palestine" title="Education in Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li>South Ossetia</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>British Indian Ocean Territory</li>
<li>Christmas Island</li>
<li>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AAsia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Europe124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Europe </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br>recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abkhazia</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li>South Ossetia</li>
<li>Transnistria</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br>other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li>
<li>Svalbard</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_North_America161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>
<li>Bonaire</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li>
<li>Curaçao</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li>
<li>Martinique</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li>Saint Barthélemy</li>
<li>Saint Martin</li>
<li>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</li>
<li>Saba</li>
<li>Sint Eustatius</li>
<li>Sint Maarten</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Oceania110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Fiji" title="Education in Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br>of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Education in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Niue" title="Education in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br>and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li>Christmas Island</li>
<li>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</li>
<li>Easter Island</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li>New Caledonia</li>
<li>Norfolk Island</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tokelau" title="Education in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li>
<li>Wallis and Futuna</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_South_America213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li>
<li><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ASchools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Computing_education&oldid=1300248839">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body></html>